Ants are among the most abundant soil invertebrates and provide important ecosystem services. We evaluated the relationship between ant assemblages and soil attributes in a Brazilian savanna area within the Amazon biome (Roraima State). Ground ants were sampled using baits and pitfall traps across five pedoenvironments: Latossolo Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho, Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Argissolo Amarelo, and Gleissolo Háplico. In total, 48 species, 22 genera, and seven subfamilies were recorded, with Pheidole (Myrmicinae) exhibiting the highest richness. The ant assemblage in Gleissolo Háplico showed high dissimilarity compared to the other pedoenvironments, characterized by lower richness and abundance of key groups like Dolichoderinae, Dorymyrmex, Nylanderia, and Tapinoma. This pattern was mainly attributed to the high levels of soil moisture, organic matter, and extractable acidity, resulting from Gleissolo’s location at the lowest point of the toposequence. These findings can help identify bioindicators for environmental quality and support conservation measures in this savanna threatened by agricultural expansion.